Molecular Recognition of Steroid Hormones in the Solid State: Stark Differences in Cocrystallization of β-Estradiol and Estrone
Bibliographic record
Abstract
While the understanding of the supramolecular chemistry of steroidal hormones is largely based on receptor binding studies in vitro and in vivo, their solid-state molecular recognition properties remain unexplored. Here, we use mechanochemical cocrystallization and single crystal X-ray structure analysis to gain insight into the solid-state complexation of sex hormones with arenes, by systematic investigation of the ability of two important estrogens ß-estradiol ( bes ) and estrone ( est ) to form cocrystals with 1,2-dimethylnaphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, 9,10-anthraquinone, phenanthridine, benzo[h]quinoline, and perfluoronaphthalene. Cocrystallization of bes reveals the formation of a novel hydrogen-bonded lattice host, exhibiting rectangular channels occupied by arene guests. In striking contrast to bes, its 17-keto-analogue est did not yield cocrystals with any of the explored arenes except perfluoronaphthalene, revealing association via arene-perfluorarene π···π stacking. The results reveal previously unknown solid-state complexation behavior of important estrogen hormones, demonstrating how minor changes in the steroid structure, in particular switching from a 17-hydroxyl to a 17-keto group, can result in extraordinary changes to their solid-state self-assembly. In that respect, solid-state chemistry of steroids appears to mirror their important signaling role in biological systems, as very small modifications to the steroid structure lead to large changes in cocrystallization propensity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".