The effect of total spinal anesthesia on cardiac function in a large animal model of brain death
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Brain death (BD) causes cardiac dysfunction in organ donors, attributable to the catecholamine storm that occurs with raised intracerebral pressure (ICP). However the direct contribution of the spinal sympathetics has not been well described. We examined the effect of total spinal anesthesia (TSA) on cardiac function in a large animal model of BD. Eighteen pigs were allocated to 3 experimental groups: Group 1, the saline-treated control group; Group 2, TSA administered prior to BD; and Group 3, TSA administered 30 min after BD. Inflation of an intracerebral balloon-tipped catheter was used to induce BD. Ventricular function was assessed using a pressure-volume loop catheter and magnetic resonance imaging. Serum catecholamine levels were assessed with high performance liquid chromatography. Inflation of the intracerebral balloon-tipped catheter was associated with a dramatic rise in heart rate and blood pressure, along with increased concentrations of serum epinephrine and norepinephrine. This phenomenon was not observed in Group 2. In Group 1, there was a significant decline in contractility, whereas groups 2 and 3 saw no change. Group 2 had greater contractile reserve than groups 1 and 3. Our data demonstrate the central role of spinal sympathetics in the hemodynamic response to raised ICP. Further work is required to determine the utility of TSA in reversing cardiac dysfunction in BD donors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".