Nanosized Nucleus-Supercooled Liquid Interfacial Free Energy and Thermophysical Properties of Early and Late Transition Liquid Metals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Crystal–liquid interfacial free energy is important to understand in crystal study, for example, nucleation, crystal growth, and vitrification. Here, we report the nanosized nucleus-supercooled liquid interfacial free energy of early and late transition liquid metals using the electrostatic levitation (ESL) technique and classical homogeneous nucleation theory (CNT). For the estimation of the interfacial free energy, we obtained thermophysical parameters of the transition liquid metals (Ti, Fe, Ni, Zr, Nb, Rh, and Hf), such as hypercooling limit (Δ T hyp ), specific heat ( C p ), total hemispherical emissivity (ε T ), and density (ρ). The estimated interfacial free energies of Ti, Ni, and Zr agreed well with a previous report having similar hypercooling limit and fusion enthalpy, while Fe, Nb, Rh, and Hf show different values from the report. This reflects the importance of accurate measurement of the two quantities. The obtained Turnbull’s coefficients (α) of the liquid metals is higher than 0.45. The interfacial free energy is discussed with configurationally different local order of the crystal and the liquid.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".