<i>In Vitro</i> Metabolism of the Flame Retardant Triphenyl Phosphate in Chicken Embryonic Hepatocytes and the Importance of the Hydroxylation Pathway
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report for the first time either in vitro or in vivo the phase I hydroxylation and phase II conjugation metabolic pathways of an organophosphate flame retardant, triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), in addition to diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) metabolite formation. Using a chicken embryonic hepatocyte (CEH) assay, TPHP was phase I metabolized to p - and m -hydroxy-TPHP metabolites, which were largely present in the assay medium and cells as phase II conjugates with glucuronic acid. After treatment with β-glucuronidase, deconjugated p -OH-TPHP was present in both the medium and cells at increasing concentrations of 0.073 ± 0.003, 1.95 ± 0.03, and 2.10 ± 0.09 nmol/well at CEH incubation time points of 0, 12, and 36 h, respectively. Similarly, after β-glucuronidase treatment, there were increasing m -OH-TPHP concentrations of 0.0050 ± 0.0005, 0.18 ± 0.01, and 0.18 ± 0.01 nmol/well. p -OH-TPHP at 36 h accounted for 60% of the initial TPHP treatment concentration, which was 3.5- or 12-fold greater than that of the DPHP or m -OH-TPHP metabolites, respectively. Overall, in TPHP-exposed organisms, this study demonstrates the importance of phase I and II metabolic processes in the biological fate of TPHP.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it