Slow Pyrolysis of Deoiled Canola Meal: Product Yields and Characterization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canola meal is a byproduct of the biodiesel industry and abundantly available in Canada. Slow pyrolysis of deoiled canola meal was performed over the temperature range 300–700 °C to study the potential applications of the pyrolysis products as fuels and sources of value-added products. The biochar yield decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature, but the yield of gas products showed the reverse trend. The bio-oil yield increased up to a pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C and then decreased. The carbon and nitrogen contents of biochars were in the ranges 66–81 and 6–9 wt %, respectively. Van Krevelen’s diagram showed that a higher pyrolysis temperature formed a highly condensed aromatic structure for biochars. Alkaline elements had the largest concentration in the ash present in biochar, followed by P and Fe. Biochars showed a basic pH range, and their electrical conductivity decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. A higher heating value of 29.8 MJ/kg was observed for biochar produced at 400 °C. The energy recoveries by biochars and bio-oils were 42–65% and 15–32%, respectively. The bio-oil yield was in the range of 10–24 wt %. Bio-oil produced at a pyrolysis temperature of 400 °C had a higher heating value (30.8 MJ/kg) than bio-oils produced at other temperatures. The concentration of phenolic compounds in bio-oil increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The same trend was observed for nitrogen compounds produced at temperatures up to 500 °C. The total acid number for bio-oils was in the range of 96–21 mg of KOH/g. The largest heating value for gas products (14.9 MJ/m 3 ) was observed at a pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".