Rapid Microfluidics-Based Measurement of CO<sub>2</sub> Diffusivity in Bitumen
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate the first application of microfluidics to study diffusive transport in extra heavy oils, such as bitumen. A cross-channel glass microfluidic chip was used to measure the CO 2 diffusion in Athabasca bitumen. The device was initially filled with CO 2 at low pressure (<1.0 bar). A plug of bitumen was injected into the central (50 μm wide and 20 μm deep) channel and, subsequently, exposed to high-pressure CO 2 on both ends. One-dimensional oil swelling in response to CO 2 diffusion was imaged over time. A simple mathematical approach was applied to calculate the diffusion coefficient based on the oil-swelling data. Measurement results are reported here at a range of pressures (1–5 MPa) and room temperature (21 °C). The measured diffusion coefficients in this range are on the order of 10 –10 m 2 /s, in good agreement with the relevant published data using conventional methods. In sharp contrast to conventional methods that require hours or days and ∼0.5 L of sample, the method presented here requires ∼10 min and a 1 nL plug of sample.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it