Rapid Microfluidics-Based Measurement of CO<sub>2</sub> Diffusivity in Bitumen
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate the first application of microfluidics to study diffusive transport in extra heavy oils, such as bitumen. A cross-channel glass microfluidic chip was used to measure the CO 2 diffusion in Athabasca bitumen. The device was initially filled with CO 2 at low pressure (<1.0 bar). A plug of bitumen was injected into the central (50 μm wide and 20 μm deep) channel and, subsequently, exposed to high-pressure CO 2 on both ends. One-dimensional oil swelling in response to CO 2 diffusion was imaged over time. A simple mathematical approach was applied to calculate the diffusion coefficient based on the oil-swelling data. Measurement results are reported here at a range of pressures (1–5 MPa) and room temperature (21 °C). The measured diffusion coefficients in this range are on the order of 10 –10 m 2 /s, in good agreement with the relevant published data using conventional methods. In sharp contrast to conventional methods that require hours or days and ∼0.5 L of sample, the method presented here requires ∼10 min and a 1 nL plug of sample.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".