Feasibility of Internal Mammary Vessel Use in Breast Reconstruction versus Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: An Anatomic, Cadaveric Evaluation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Autologous free flap breast reconstruction using the internal mammary artery is common; however, its use may compromise treatment of occult coronary artery disease. The authors investigated whether internal mammary artery harvest for breast reconstruction is compatible with future use for coronary bypass. METHODS: An anatomic analysis of 10 preserved female cadavers was performed. Internal mammary artery measurements, including the length from its origin to the third, fourth, and fifth intercostal spaces, were taken, and the minimum length required to reach the left anterior descending coronary artery was determined. RESULTS: The left internal mammary artery reached the left anterior descending target at a mean length of 10.0 cm. The mean lengths to the left third, fourth, and fifth intercostal spaces were 8.2 cm, 11.3 cm, and 13.7 cm, respectively, on the left, and 7.6 cm, 10.7 cm, and 13.2 cm, respectively, on the right. The right internal mammary artery reached the left anterior descending target at a mean of 12.0 cm. CONCLUSIONS: The left internal mammary artery was found to reach the estimated coronary target by the level of the fourth intercostal space consistently, while the right was more variable and required a greater length. If the fourth intercostal space was used to harvest the internal mammary artery, the length necessary for in situ coronary bypass surgery is preserved on the left, and may still be used as a free graft on the right.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".