Changes in Lutein and Tocopherol Concentrations in Soybean Cultivars Released Across Seven Decades in the Short‐Season Region
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lutein and α‐tocopherol (α‐toc) are antioxidant compounds beneficial for human health. Soybean [Glycine max (L). Merr.] contains relatively high concentrations of these compounds, and increasing them through plant breeding may be beneficial to human nutrition as well as provide a marketable seed trait in food‐type soybean. Our objective was to determine if there have been changes in lutein and tocopherol concentrations in short‐season soybean cultivars. A historical series of 16 cultivars released from 1934 to 2000 were grown at Ottawa Canada over a 3 yr period in a randomized complete‐block design with four replications. Seed was harvested for yield and a sample taken to determine seed weight, and oil, protein, lutein, α‐toc, γ‐tocopherol (γ‐toc), δ‐tocopherol (δ‐toc), and total‐tocopherol concentrations. There were significant differences among cultivars for all traits examined. Seed yield, oil, lutein, α‐toc, and δ‐toc concentrations have increased significantly since 1934, while protein concentration has decreased. There were no changes in seed weight and γ‐toc over time. Lutein and α‐toc were positively correlated with oil concentration and negatively correlated with protein concentration, leading to the conclusion that, over time, these compounds have likely increased in short‐season cultivars due to the indirect selection for higher oil concentration by plant breeders. The maximum concentration of lutein and α‐toc were similar to those found in other studies from different soybean growing regions indicating that only modest increases in these compounds may be possible using standard breeding techniques.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".