Tuberculosis epidemiology in New Zealand: 1995-2004.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AIMS: To describe the epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB) in New Zealand (NZ) for the 10-year period 1995-2004, and to place this in the context of long-term incidence trends. METHODS: We calculated TB incidence rates since the early 1920s using published data. A more detailed analysis examined TB notification and laboratory data for the period 1995 to 2004 using population denominator data from the 1996 and 2001 Census. We calculated incidence rates by age, sex, ethnicity, place of residence, country of birth, and deprivation for the two 5-year periods: 1995 to 1999 and 2000 to 2004. We also calculated and compared TB case fatality and mortality rates for those periods. We described outbreaks by using TB outbreak reporting data. RESULTS: The long-term decline in TB incidence in NZ halted in the mid-1980s, and in the last two decades, annual rates have stabilised at around 10 cases per 100,000. The average rate for 1995-2004 period was 10.3 per 100,000. The TB incidence rate in NZ is higher than that in Australia, USA, and Canada, and slightly lower than that in the UK. Within NZ there are marked ethnic differences in rates, with age-standardised incidence rates 10.5, 22.3, and 36.5 times higher in Maori, Pacific peoples, and people of Other ethnicity respectively than the rate in Europeans. Rates generally increase with age. Approximately two-thirds (64.6%) of people with TB were born overseas. TB case fatality and mortality rates in NZ are declining and are comparable to those in Australia, Canada, USA, and the UK. Twenty-four TB outbreaks, including 221 cases, were reported between mid-1996 and 2004. CONCLUSIONS: TB is not declining in NZ. The burden of disease is very unevenly distributed across the population with marked ethnic inequalities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".