The crystal structure of tin sulphate, SnSO <sub>4</sub> , and comparison with isostructural SrSO <sub>4</sub> , PbSO <sub>4</sub> , and BaSO <sub>4</sub>
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The crystal structure of tin (II) sulphate, SnSO 4 , was obtained by Rietveld refinement using synchrotron high-resolution powder X-ray diffraction (HRPXRD) data. The structure was refined in space group Pbnm . The unit-cell parameters for SnSO 4 are a = 7.12322(1), b = 8.81041(1), c = 5.32809(1) Å, and V = 334.383(1) Å 3 . The average 〈Sn–O〉 [12] distance is 2.9391(4) Å. However, the Sn 2+ cation has a pyramidal [3]-coordination to O atoms and the average 〈Sn–O〉 [3] = 2.271(1) Å. If Sn is considered as [12]-coordinated, SnSO 4 has a structure similar to barite, BaSO 4 , and its structural parameters are intermediate between those of BaSO 4 and PbSO 4 . The tetrahedral SO 4 group has an average 〈S–O〉 [4] = 1.472(1) Å in SnSO 4 . Comparing SnSO 4 with the isostructural SrSO 4 , PbSO 4 , and BaSO 4 , several well-defined trends are observed. The radii, rM, of the M 2+ (=Sr, Pb, Sn, and Ba) cations and average 〈S–O〉 distances vary linearly with V because of the effective size of the M 2+ cation. Based on the trend for the isostructural sulphates, the average 〈Sn–O〉 [12] distance is slightly longer than expected because of the lone pair of electrons on the Sn 2+ cation.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it