Characterization of Maize Starch Nanoparticles Prepared by Acid Hydrolysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Starch nanoparticles (SNP) from maize starches of varying amylose content (0–71%) were prepared by acid hydrolysis (3.16M H 2 SO 4, at 40°C up to 6 days) followed by repeated water washings. During the washing cycles, nonwaxy starches (normal, Hylon V, and Hylon VII) had suspended particles in the water washings, which were not evident in waxy starch. Microscopic examination revealed the presence of SNP in the “cloudy supernatants” of nonwaxy starches and in the “final washed residue” of waxy maize. The objective of this study was to collect SNP fractions accordingly and determine whether variation in the native starch amylose content would influence the yield, morphology, and crystallinity of the SNP. In nonwaxy starches, the yield of SNP increased up to 26.6% with hydrolysis time and was proportional to the amylose content. Morphology of SNP differed with starch type: flat/elliptical (500 nm) in waxy, oval/irregular (50–200 nm) in normal, oval/round (40–50 nm) in Hylon V, and square/polygonal (50–100 nm) in Hylon VII. X‐ray diffraction confirmed the presence of A‐type crystals in SNP from all starch types and a crystalline transformation from B‐ to A‐type in Hylon starches. The relative crystallinity of SNP was higher than their native starch counterparts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".