Caries experience and oral health behaviour among 11 -13-year-olds: an ecological study of data from 27 European countries, Israel, Canada and USA.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This study is a part of the cross-national survey on health behaviour in school-aged children (HBSC) - World Health Organization Collaborative Study. The aim was to compare the HBSC data on frequency of toothbrushing, consumption of sweets, soft drinks, fruits and vegetables among 11-13-year-old children in different countries and to estimate the relation of these factors with caries experience at the country level. METHODS: Oral health behaviour patterns were assessed from the HBSC survey conducted in the 2001-2002 school year in 27 countries in Europe, Israel, Canada, and the USA. PARTICIPANTS: Representative samples of 11- and 13-year-old schoolchildren were drawn from participating countries and aggregated by the direct age standardisation method. DMFT of 12-year-olds was collected from the international data banks and recent publications. Statistical analysis was performed using multiple linear regression. RESULTS: The most significant factor related with the cross-regional variation of DMFT was the proportion of children who reported regular toothbrushing; it explained 26.3% of the DMFT variation. Low rates of regular toothbrushing and high rates of sweets consumption were related with higher DMFT while high rates of drinking of soft drinks were related with lower DMFT. Consumption of fruits and vegetables had no significant impact. Altogether, factors of this model explained 51.2% of the total DMFT variation across countries. CONCLUSION: The findings of the study demonstrate that different oral health behaviour profiles among young people across European countries, Israel, Canada, and the USA significantly contribute to the variation in caries experience.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".