BEACHED BIRD SURVEYS ON SABLE ISLAND, NOVA SCOTIA, 1993 TO 2009, SHOW A DECLINE IN THE INCIDENCE OF OILING
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sable Island, located about 160 km southeast of the landmass of NovaScotia, Canada, is far offshore and provides a platform for beach surveysto monitor oil pollution in Scotian Shelf waters. Sporadic beach surveysconducted there during the 1970s and 1980s indicated that oiled birds andbeached tar were common occurrences. During a survey program fromJanuary 1993 to December 2009, more than 10,800 bird corpses werefound in 171 surveys covering a total of >13,500 km of shoreline. Sixtyfourspecies were recorded, of which 52 were seabirds and waterfowl.The numbers of beached birds and species composition exhibited largefluctuations, which reflected both the seasonal distribution of species andthe effects of weather and beach conditions. The oiling rate of corpsesfor all seabirds and waterfowl combined was 28.6%, and ranged from ahigh of 69.9% in 1996 to a low of 1.4% in 2009. Alcids had the highestrates of oiling (averaging 54.3%), while lower rates were observed forshearwaters (1.9%) and Larus gulls (2.4%). The results of the 1993-2009surveys, as well as those of earlier studies in the 1970s and 1980s, indicatea declining trend in the oiling rate of beached birds on Sable Island.Keywords: oil pollution, marine pollution, seabird oiling rate, beachedbird survey, Sable Island
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".