THE RELIABILITY OF QUARTERLY FINANCIAL REPORTS OF COMPANIES IN MALAYSIA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examines the reliability of corporate quarterly reports of Malaysian companies by analyzing the reporting of exceptional items. The quarterly reports are likely to be unreliable if companies tend to defer the reporting of exceptional items to the final quarter. In examining the quarterly reports of 114 companies listed on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange, this study provides evidence that a majority of companies defer the reporting of exceptional items to the fourth quarter. It is also observed that a majority of companies made negative adjustments during the fourth quarter. Therefore, the quarterly reports are likely to be unreliable, and there are reasons to believe that companies manage their quarterly earnings. In addition, this study provides evidence that non-profitable companies defer the reporting of exceptional items to the fourth quarter more than the profitable ones. However, there is no evidence of association between the deferment of the recognition of exceptional items and the size, growth, and leverage of a company. JEL classification: G34, M41 Key words: Quarterly financial reporting, Reliability, Earnings management
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.085 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".