Filamentous phage as a model immunogen for tracking B-cell responses to infection and vaccination (154.30)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Humoral immunity to infection can be categorized into four response stages: (i) innate-like, (ii) early-induced, (iii) adaptive, and perhaps (iv) the response to chronic infection (ChI). The first three stages are mediated by B-cell lineages distinguishable by phenotypic, genetic and functional characteristics. Our analysis of antibodies (Abs) produced during ChI indicates that “ChI Abs” have unique genetic features including high somatic mutation (SM) and usage of distal germline VH genes; ChI is also associated with aberrations in B-cell subsets. Here, we use filamentous phage as a model antigen to determine the genetic features and cellular origins of “ChI Abs” in the mouse. The phage’s surface consists of ~3,000 copies of the major coat protein, pVIII, and a majority of the anti-phage Ab response cross-reacts with a 12-aa peptide comprising the N-terminus of pVIII, allowing easy isolation of phage-specific B cells. After a single immunization, two “waves” of Ab-secreting cells (ASCs) appeared: first, IgM and IgG ASCs expressing proximal unmutated genes, followed by IgG ASCs expressing more distal genes bearing SMs. Phage-specific ASCs and serum IgG increased with repeated immunization, peaking after the fifth immunization and declining thereafter. Thus, we have validated the approach of combining cellular, flow cytometric, serological and immunogenetic analyses to characterize the dynamics of the B-cell response after initial and repeated encounter with antigen.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".