A 60-GHz Dual-Mode Distributed Active Transformer Power Amplifier in 65-nm CMOS
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a 60-GHz power amplifier (PA) fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS technology. The proposed PA utilizes a dual-mode amplification circuit topology to achieve a high level of output power and efficiency in a small die area. High-output power is achieved by combining class AB cascode stage with a conventional class A common source (CS) stage in a compact four-way differential distributed active transformer to increase the amplifier's power density. Driver stages consist of an enhanced cascode stage followed by a CS stage to achieve a high power (HP) gain. Fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS process, the maximum measured gain of the 60-GHz PA is 22 dB within a wide 3-dB bandwidth of 14 GHz. A maximum saturated output power of 19.7 dBm is measured in HP mode while consuming 430 mW over a 1.2 V core supply. In low-power (LP) mode of operation, the power gain of 20 dB and 19.7 dBm saturated power is measured at 60 GHz. The proposed dual-mode topology achieves an HP added efficiency of 25% and 19% in HP and LP modes, respectively.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it