Effects of Nanoscale Pore Confinement on CO2 Immiscible and Miscible Processes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract CO2 flooding is a promising technique for improving oil recovery in tight oil reservoirs. Because of existence of nanoscale pores in tight oil reservoirs, which can affect phase equilibrium, there will be some variations between CO2 immiscible and miscible processes in conventional and tight oil reservoirs. In this paper, the effects of nanoscale pore confinement on CO2 immiscible and miscible processes are studied. On the basis of Cardium crude oil composition, phase equilibrium at various nanoscale pore radii is investigated. Since the interfacial tension is related to capillary pressure, it can be scaled in normalized oil recovery calculations. Furthermore, a reservoir can be assumed an immiscible zone, a miscible zone, or an unswept zone during CO2 injection. In this case, nanoscale pore confinement on CO2 immiscible and miscible processes can be evaluated. Taking the nanoscale pore confinement into consideration, the tie line length and interfacial tension can be reduced, which contribute to a lower CO2 minimum miscible pressure (MMP). In this way, the efficiency of CO2 immiscible flooding is improved, while the efficiency of miscible flooding is not affected by a confinement effect. Furthermore, the length of a CO2 immiscible zone can be decreased by nanoscale pore confinement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".