Bibliographic record
Abstract
∗This paper is a short survey of the history of the kibbutzim and the moshavim, originally set-up in the first quarter of the last century by youngsters imbued with the ideology of nation rebuilding and cooperation, and later developed to become flourishing agricultural communities. Two key events marked major turning points in this history. One was the establishment of the State of Israel; the kibbutzim lost in its wake their leading, pioneering role in the society of the country and the moshavim grew in numbers and expanded with people whose world outlook was different from those of the founding generation. The second key event was the halting of inflation in 1985; it triggered a severe financial crisis. Following the resolution of the crisis, most kibbutzim have undergone far-reaching privatization measures and the moshavim saw the abolishing of much of their cooperative structure. The paper points to the possibility that the revolutions the kibbutzim and the moshavim experienced may have contained elements of continuity and perhaps even of necessity. Close to eighty percent of the agricultural output of Israel is produced on cooperative farms. In this paper I survey the principle features of the past and more recent, still evolving, history of the two main forms—though not the only forms—of farm cooperatives: the moshav, a cooperative village, typically of 80-100 families, and the kibbutz, a commune with 100-800 members. An in-between type is the collective moshav where the land is farmed collectively, but households are managed privately. Associated with these units are second order cooperatives—organizations whose members are themselves cooperatives, not individual people—regional associations serving moshavim and kibbutzim (the plural forms) and several nationwide bodies. Evidently due to its idiosyncrasies, the kibbutz has been the subject of intensive scrutiny and research; a recent count found more than five thousands publications. Much less has been written about the moshav although, as I trust the reader will realize, it also offers interesting economic, social, and institutional lessons.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".