Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two studies were carried out to evaluate a model developed by Hogan (1973) which categorizes level of moral maturity by degrees of socialization and empathy. The model appeared to be useful for predictive and prescriptive guidance for education and psychology. The measures used for this purpose were: Gough's (Gough and Peterson, 1952) Socialization scale, Hogan's (1969) Empathy scale, Rest's (1974) Defining Issues Test (DIT), and, in a small subsample of the second study, Hogan's (Hogan and Dickstein, 1972) Measure of Moral Values (MMV). Study one subjects (N = 186, grades 11, and 12) received a revised edition of the socialization and empathy scales. The specific hypotheses of the study were: (1) that empathy is a stronger predictor of moral judgement (DIT P scores) than is socialization, and (2) that there would be a significant increase in moral judgement scores from the low socialization- low empathy category (delinquent), through high socialization-low empathy (moral realist), to low socialization-high empathy (le chic), and high socialization-high empathy (morally mature). The first hypothesis was significantly upheld. The second hypothesis was not upheld to statistical significance, however. It was decided to replicate the study using the complete socialization and empathy scales in order to obtain a higher internal consistency reliability of these measures. A higher reliability of the socialization and empathy scales was found in the second study (N = 66, grades 10, 11, and 12). Again the first hypothesis was upheld while the second was not. A subsample (n = 23, grades 11, and 12) was given the MMV in order to explore (1) whether the DIT P score and the MMV quantify the same factor, moral judgement, and (2) whether Hogan's model fits equally well with the DIT P score and the MMV. It was found that the DIT P scores and the MMV were essentially unrelated. Socialization was a stronger predictor of the DIT P score while empathy was a stronger predictor of the MMV results. While the DIT P score accounted for more variance of the socialization and empathy scales this was because of a negative correlation between socialization and DIT P scores, contrary to theoretical prediction. The utility of Hogan's model for education and psychology was questioned since the breakdown of categories hypothesized by Hogan was not significantly evident in these studies. Suggestions as to possible sources of problems in the studies, methods of correcting these problems, and future directions were made.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.019 | 0.028 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".