Alternative View of Chlorine Oxidation Stimulated by Longer Wavelength Light
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aqueous chlorine (Cl2, OCl−, Cl−) in combination with longer wavelength ultraviolet (UV) irradiation has been investigated as a potential advanced oxidation process (AOP) for water and wastewater treatment. The cases include bleaching of organic matter (NOM) and oil sands tailing pond water (OSPW) under sunlight irradiation. Surprisingly, low energy tail of OCl− (Amax at 290 nm) has been postulated to be responsible for degradation of organic components. An alternative photoreaction, potentially more photon efficient, postulates absorption by strongly absorbing chromophores of target compounds present in water, which then undergo reaction in their excited states. This alternate hypothesis was tested in the current study under 440 nm light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation, where chlorine species have no absorption, using Swannee River fulvic acid (SRFA), an oil sands process water, and by bleaching of a coumarin dye. All results show substantial enhancement of hypochlorite oxidation processes under irradiation of the various complex mixtures of organic chromophores at 440 nm, where chlorine species offer no measurable absorbance that can compete with the organic chromophores in the complex mixtures. In the fulvic acid case, a known long-lived triplet excited state is a plausible active species that may be a contributor.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".