State Use of Force in Cyberspace for Self-Defense: A New Challenge for a New Century
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This essay is the closing chapter from the writer’s PhD thesis titled “The Right of States to Individual Self-Defense in Information Warfare Operations”. The Thesis focuses on the Cyberspace Warfare Section of Information Operations, its potential implications to modern international peace and security and its regulation. The main aim of the essay at hand is to outline the fact that Cyberspace Warfare has already evolved into a very potent as well as previously unheard off form of warfare and to show the subsequent need for the formulation of a regulatory framework specifically designed to regulate the use of force in Cyberspace.The essay begins with a short overview of the various aspects of Cyberspace Warfare in an attempt to make clear the potential threat this new form of war represents to international peace and security. It then moves on to examine Cyberspace Warfare within the context of currently existing international legal norms on the use of force and to determine if these norms can be applied to this new form of warfare and if so, to what extent. Finally, the essay attempts to make apparent a twofold fact: first, that current legal norms on the use of force can only be applied to Cyberspace by analogy and up to a certain point, hence there is a need to develop a regulatory framework specifically tailored for this purpose; second that the cause behind this need is the ‘special’ nature of Cyberspace warfare.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".