Scale Formation and Corrosion of Drinking Water Pipes: A Case Study of Drinking Water Distribution System of Shiraz City
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
<p>Due to increased consumption of drinking water in the world, there are attempts to apply new solutions for<br />accessing sufficient amounts of water with proper quality. In addition, efficient usage of energy and finding a<br />solution for reducing the scale-related problems in drinking water pipes are among major concerns of urban<br />water supply. Annually, significant budgets are assigned for removing the scale of pipes as well as home and<br />industrial devices. The present study endeavors to examine the scale-formation and corrosion potential of<br />drinking water in drinking water distribution network of Shiraz City (south of Iran). This study is of descriptive<br />type conducted through Langelier, Puckorius, Ryznar, Larson and aggressive indices and taking 144 samples of<br />different sources and points of distribution network. The results showed that the mean values of LI, RI, LS and<br />AI were 0.07 (slightly scale forming), 7.1 (non-scale forming), 1.2 (corrosive) and 14 (non-corrosive),<br />respectively. The mean of scale formation rate value in Shiraz drinking water pipes was 0.26 mm/y. Accordingly,<br />zones located in east, southeast and south of Shiraz have more problems of scale formation. Scale composition of<br />33 home pipe samples and 8 network pipe samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction method. Results indicated<br />that main compositions in scale samples were calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, magnesium carbonate,<br />magnesium sulfate, hematite, maghemite, magnetite, goethite, zinc oxide, gypsum, vivianite, dolomite,<br />hydroxyapatite and troilite. Main elements in scale samples were magnesium, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, zinc,<br />copper and lead.</p>
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it