Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Loran-C system of navigation recently became usable in the rho-rho (range-range) mode with the installation of atomic clocks at all the Loran-C stations. This paper outlines briefly the principles of rho-rho Loran-C operation and the associated problems of geodesy and radio wave propagation. It describes the procedure for using rho-rho Loran-C alone and in combination with Satellite Navigation, as developed over the past two years at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography. Results of accuracy tests are given along with estimates of the magnitudes of the various sources of errors in Loran-C range measurements for both the standalone and satellite aided modes of operation. The results generally show a 2 \sigma \!\, absolute ranging accuracy of 270 m using rho-rho Loran-C alone with an improvement to about 180 m when combined with Satellite Navigation. The Bedford Institute of Oceanography rho-rho Loran-C system has been used routinely with Satellite Navigation at ranges of 2 500 km (1 250 n.m.). Based on this experience the rho-rho Loran-C coverage would include most of the North Atlantic Ocean and large areas o f the Pacific.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".