The Effect of Poverty Status and Public Housing Residency on Residential Energy Consumption in the U.S.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We use the U.S. Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) for 2001 and 2005 to estimate household energy demand as a function of a composite energy price. We find a short-run price elasticity of -0.6 and a short-run income elasticity of 0.04 in the full sample, with poverty-level households having slightly higher price elasticities and lower income elasticities. Public housing residents use about 10% less energy than non-residents, a difference that persists despite a large set of household and dwelling controls and even with the analysis restricted to poverty-level households, multifamily housing occupants, and renters. Thus, the findings suggest that energy conservation measures undertaken by housing authorities have been effective at reducing energy consumption relative to similarly-situated households. Analysis by fuel type and use suggests that the relatively low energy use of public housing residents among multifamily renters is driven by their lower use of natural gas for space heating, and electricity and natural gas for appliances.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".