A study of the values of Jordanian accounting and finance students
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates the values and value types (clusters of motivationally related values), of accounting and finance students in Jordan, a country at the heart of the Arab Middle East. Using the Schwartz personal values questionnaire, and a sample of 91 Jordanian accounting and finance students enrolled in graduate programs, we show that accepting my portion in life, family security, self-respect and honouring parents and elders are the top four values for the accounting and finance students, while unity with nature, social power, curiosity and detachment form the bottom four values. In terms of value types, the students rank security and tradition as their top two value types and stimulation and power as their lowest two. While the students exhibit value types that are more collectivistic than individualistic, individualistic and collectivistic attitudes appear to be not mutually exclusive. Furthermore, male students rated the value type benevolence significantly higher than females while females rated power significantly higher than male students. Our results are consistent with those of Hofstede (1984a, p.85), who categorises Arabic speaking societies (Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Saudi-Arabia, UAE) as being collectivistic and further support the view of Green et al. (2005) that individualistic and collectivistic attitudes are not mutually exclusive.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".