Digitally Modulated CMOS Polar Transmitters for Highly-Efficient mm-Wave Wireless Communication
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A polar transmitter (TX) is implemented at 60 GHz, enabling a power amplifier (PA) to operate in saturation where efficiency is highest, even when handling higher order modulations such as QPSK and 16-QAM. The phase path is upconverted by I-Q mixers, while the amplitude path modulates an RF-DAC. Aimed at 802.11ad applications, the 10 GS/s (i.e., 6x-oversampled) polar TX realizes more than 30 dB alias attenuation, and the input bandwidth exceeds 3.1 GHz. The PA saturated output power is 10.8 dBm with 29.8% drain efficiency at the maximum RF-DAC code. Average output power is 8.1 dBm with 22.3% drain efficiency at$-20.7\;\text{dB}$EVM for QPSK modulation without RF-DAC predistortion. The corresponding 16-QAM values are: 7.2 dBm average output power with 19.8% efficiency at$-16.5\;\text{dB}$EVM. With predistortion, a QPSK modulated output achieves 5.3 dBm average power with 15.3% efficiency at$-23.6\;\text{dB}$EVM, while 3.6 dBm average power with 11.6% efficiency at$-18.1\;\text{dB}$EVM is realized for 16-QAM. For a sampling rate of 10 GS/s, the TX data rates are 3.33 Gb/and 6.67 Gb/s for QPSK and 16-QAM, respectively. Implemented in 40 nm bulk-CMOS, the core circuit occupies$0.18\text{mm}^{2}$core of the$2.38\text{mm}^{2}$total die area, and consumes 40.2 mW from a 0.9 V supply.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".