Examining The Perceived Effects Of Incarceration On Children: A Racial Comparison Of Women's Experiences
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although women make up a small portion of our countries prison population, recent studies indicate shockingly high rates of incarceration women have undergone over the past several years. Findings reveal women incarceration rates, in both prison and jails, have nearly doubled in the past decade. The unprecedented escalation in imprisoning women has pushed the number of incarcerated women to nearly a quarter million (Wildemann, 2005). Alas, nearly 80% of today's incarcerated mothers report being the primary caretakers with dependent children prior to incarceration (Greenfield & Snell, 1999). Like the notation in the rise of women's incarceration, the literature has cited negative effects of incarceration on children. According to research, the effects are most notably: psychosocial, emotional, temperance, disregard for authority and issues at school. Due to the upward trend of incarceration of mothers and the frequency in reporting primary caretaking responsibilities, studies further examining the effects on children left behind are, indeed, laudable additions to the literature. The literature is vast concerning the effects of incarceration on children. Unfortunately, the effects have not included a racial comparison to identify what, if any, salient differences exist. This study sought to address the scarcity in literature by comparing perceived effects identified by African American and Caucasian women. Our sample consisted of women incarcerated at a correctional facility, which had a family reunification-parenting program. The results revealed salient differences related to life experiences of mothers growing up; pre-incarceration parenting experiences of mothers in the program; effects on frequency and type of visitation due to the location of the facility; and other directly perceived effects of incarceration on children. Differences were not found regarding drug related charges, in terms of incarcerated individuals; and the type of relationship between mother and child during incarceration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".