Toward developing a standardized Arabic continuous text reading chart
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Near visual acuity is an essential measurement during an oculo-visual assessment. Short duration continuous text reading charts measure reading acuity and other aspects of reading performance. There is no standardized version of such chart in Arabic. The aim of this study is to create sentences of equal readability to use in the development of a standardized Arabic continuous text reading chart. Initially, 109 Arabic pairs of sentences were created for use in constructing a chart with similar layout to the Colenbrander chart. They were created to have the same grade level of difficulty and physical length. Fifty-three adults and sixteen children were recruited to validate the sentences. Reading speed in correct words per minute (CWPM) and standard length words per minute (SLWPM) was measured and errors were counted. Criteria based on reading speed and errors made in each sentence pair were used to exclude sentence pairs with more outlying characteristics, and to select the final group of sentence pairs. Forty-five sentence pairs were selected according to the elimination criteria. For adults, the average reading speed for the final sentences was 166 CWPM and 187 SLWPM and the average number of errors per sentence pair was 0.21. Childrens’ average reading speed for the final group of sentences was 61 CWPM and 72 SLWPM. Their average error rate was 1.71. The reliability analysis showed that the final 45 sentence pairs are highly comparable. They will be used in constructing an Arabic short duration continuous text reading chart. La agudeza visual de cerca es una medición esencial del examen visual. Las tablas de lectura de textos continuos de corta duración miden la agudeza visual y otros aspectos del rendimiento lector. No existe una versión estandarizada de dichas cartillas en árabe. El objetivo de este estudio es el de crear frases de igual legibilidad, para ser utilizadas en el desarrollo de una cartilla estandarizada de lectura de textos continuos en árabe. Inicialmente, se crearon 109 pares de frases en árabe para construir una cartilla con un diseño similar al de la tabla de Colenbrander. Fueron creadas para tener el mismo nivel de dificultad e igual longitud física. Se reunió a cincuenta y tres adultos y dieciséis niños para validar las frases. Se midieron la velocidad lectora en palabras correctas por minuto (CWPM) y las palabras de longitud estándar por minuto (SLWPM), contabilizándose los errores. Se utilizaron los criterios basados en la velocidad lectora y los errores en cada frase para excluir los pares de frases con más características periféricas, y seleccionar el grupo final de pares de frases. Se seleccionaron cuarenta y cinco pares de frases, de acuerdo con los criterios de eliminación. Para los adultos, la velocidad lectora media de las frases finales fue de 166 CWPM y 187 SLWPM, y el número medio de errores por par de frase fue de 0,21. La velocidad lectora media de los niños para el grupo final de frases fue de 61 CWPM y 72 SLWPM. Su índice medio de error fue de 1,71. El análisis de fiabilidad mostró que los 45 pares de frases finales son altamente comparables. Se utilizarán para construir una tabla de lectura de textos continuos de corta duración en árabe.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.014 | 0.034 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".