Effects of <i>in vitro</i> exposure to butylparaben and di‐(2 ethylhexyl) phthalate, alone or in combination, on ovarian function
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Parabens and phthalates are commercial chemicals widely used in the manufacture of industrial and consumer products frequently found as contaminants in biological fluids. We evaluated the effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) (ranging from 10(-9) to 10(-7) m [1-100 nm; 0.39-39 ng ml(-1) ]) and butylparaben (BP) (ranging from 10(-8) to 10(-5) m [10 nm-10 μm; 1.9 ng ml(-1) to 1.9 μg ml(-1) ]), alone and in combination, on isolated mouse preantral follicle and human granulosa cell (hGC) cultures to study direct effects on follicle growth and ovarian steroidogenesis. Our results revealed that, in follicle culture, DEHP and BP attenuate estradiol output but only when present together. DEHP decreases progesterone concentrations in the spent media of hGC cultures, an effect that was attenuated when BP was added together with DEHP. Although changes in steroidogenesis were observed, no effects on follicular development or survival were noted in the culture systems. We suggest that BP and DEHP act with additive effect to decrease estradiol production whereas at later stages of follicle development BP blocks the effect of DEHP in hGCs resulting in decreased progesterone output. Taken together our results suggest that DEHP and BP adversely affect steroidogenesis from the preantral stage onward and the effects of these chemicals are both stage-dependent and modified by co-exposure. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".