The formation and breakdown of structured clots from whole milk during gastric digestion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The behaviour of milk fat globules in the coagula of unheated and heated (90 °C for 20 min) whole milk during gastric digestion was investigated using a human gastric simulator. Structured protein clots were formed by a coagulation process that was driven by the action of the milk-clotting enzyme, pepsin, on the protein fraction of the whole milk. The fat globules in the milk appeared to be embedded in the clots as they formed. After clot formation, the different structures of the clots formed with unheated and heated whole milk led to different rates of protein hydrolysis by pepsin and resulted in the release of fat globules from the clots into the digesta; the release of fat globules was faster in the clots from the heated whole milk. Comparison of the rates of fat globule release from the clots and the rates of the reduction in fat-free matter in the clots showed that the release of fat globules from the clots from both unheated and heated milk was linearly dependent on the breakdown of the protein in the clots. Coalescence of fat globules appeared to occur in the gastric digesta and also within the protein.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".