Fortified fish sauce : a novel means of improving thiamin status in rural Cambodia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Infantile beriberi, a consequence of maternal thiamin deficiency, is not uncommon in Cambodia. The Cambodian diet consists largely of thiamin-poor, polished white rice and contains few thiamin-rich foods. Objectives: 1) Determine the thiamin status, assessed by erythrocyte thiamin diphosphate concentration (eTDP), among Cambodian women of childbearing age; 2) develop a stable and acceptable thiamin-fortified fish sauce; and 3) test the efficacy of thiamin-fortified fish sauce to increase eTDP among two groups in rural Cambodia: i) women and their youngest child aged 12-59 mo, and ii) pregnant and lactating women and their breastfed infants. Methods: eTDP was determined in samples of women 20-45 y from Prey Veng (n=121) and Phnom Penh (n=117), Cambodia, and for comparison, Canada (n=47). Thiamin stability in fish sauce was assessed under various conditions, and acceptability was determined through sensory evaluation. Women (18-45 y; n=354, 276 non-pregnant and non-lactating, and 78 pregnant and lactating) and their families in Prey Veng, Cambodia were randomized to: control, low (LC, 2 g/L) or high (HC, 8 g/L) concentration thiamin- fortified fish sauce. Results: Mean ± SD eTDP was significantly lower among women in Prey Veng (149 ± 36 nM) than Phnom Penh (156 ± 32 nM), which, in turn, was lower than in Vancouver, (179 ± 37 nM; P<0.05). Thiamin was stable in fish sauce, and accepted by Cambodian women. Among non-pregnant women, endline eTDP (mean; 95% CI) was higher among those in LC (232; 220, 244 nM) and HC (231; 219, 244 nM) groups versus control (175; 163, 188 nM; P<0.001). Similar results were found in children (P<0.05). Endline eTDP was higher among lactating mothers in LC (276; 246, 306 nM) and HC (238; 207, 268 nM) groups versus control (194; 163, 224 nM; P<0.05). Infants of mothers in HC group had higher eTDP (257; 215, 298 nM; P<0.05) versus LC (205; 175, 235 nM) and control (181; 153, 210 nM) groups. Conclusions: Thiamin-fortified fish sauce is an efficacious means of improving dietary thiamin intake and biochemical thiamin status in rural Cambodia, and as such highlights downstream potential to reduce mortality from a totally preventable disease, infantile beriberi.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".