Categorization of shell fragments provides a proxy for environmental energy and predation intensity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Shell fragments are extremely abundant in many marine environments; the origins of these fragments can largely be attributed to either crushing by predators or post-mortem processes such as transport. We present and test a new approach to identifying the origin of shell fragments in marine environments by examining modern mollusc assemblages from three wave-exposed, low-predation and three wave-sheltered, high-predation intertidal localities in Bamfield, British Columbia. We hypothesized that fragments with all-rounded edges (AR) or a combination of rounded and sharp edges (R&S) are indicative of taphonomic processes such as transport and so should occur more often in wave-exposed, low-predation localities whereas fragments with all sharp edges (AS) or a combination of intact and sharp edges (I&S), indicative of predation, should be more common in wave-sheltered, high-predation settings. In keeping with the prediction, All-Rounded (AR) and Rounded and Sharp (R&S) fragments are more abundant at the wave-exposed localities than at wave-sheltered localities whereas Intact and Sharp (I&S) and All-Sharp (AS) fragments are more abundant at high-predation localities than at low-predation localities. The two types of localities were statistically distinguishable for either gastropod or bivalve fragments. This supports the hypothesis that I&S and AS result from predation, whereas AR and R&S have a taphonomic genesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".