WATERFRONT TOURIST DEVELOPMENT: THE NORTH AMERICAN EXPERIENCE AND ITS APPLICATION TO CHINA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Waterfront has been crucial to many cities historically. Since 1960s, however, technological change in many ports left large tracts of urban waterfront abandoned. Several ports, most notably Boston, Baltimore and Toronto got their waterfront revitalization projects under way in the late 1970s. During the same period or even earlier, waterfront redevelopment was carried out in some less-known North American ports such as Victoria, B.C.. As is known to all, Boston, Baltimore etc. proved to be early huge success, which had a large influence upon many other cities. In this paper, Baltimore is taken as the case of commercial and recreational redevelopment, while Victoria is taken as the case of historic waterfront, where the historical heritage has been well preserved and and aesthetic feeling enhanced. Since both of the cases succeeded in attracting tourists and residents by their recreation and business and gaining considerable revenue, they are termed as “tourist development in this paper. The author examined the practice, impact and features of the two North American cases, i.e. Baltimore's Inner Harbor and Victoria's Inner Harbor. Evidence shows that waterfront development has been apparent in several major cities of China in recent years. The author points outs that, such practice differs from the North American cases when motivate is concerned. Most of such practice in China has nothing to do with derelected port land. The purpose of such development usually to be the same: to promote the economic development by improving the waterfront environment, and to meet the recreational demand of residents. Despite such difference, the experience of North America is meaningful to China when the following aspects are concerned. First, their development model is transplantable to China. Second, the experience of North American cases is of great significance to China when the issue of waterfront planning is concerned. China can follow the recreation and business orientation of the North America cases. More importance should be attached to public access to waterfront and waterfront as civil space and such plan is to be drawn in the wider context of the whole city. Third, China can learn something from the implementation of such plannings in North America cases. Fourth, the Baltimore and Victoria appear to be two cases at the opposite ends when design of waterfront redevelopment is concerned. Experience and lessons can be drawn from them in a contrasted way.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.011 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".