Human Oocyte Cryopreservation - An Emerging ART Technique: Are We Heading in the Right Direction?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Oocyte cryopreservation is a promising adjunct to human assisted reproductive technology. Slow rate freezing has been the cryopreservation standard for storage of sperm, embryos and, subsequently, oocytes. However, earlier concerns regarding damage to the meiotic spindle, loss of cortical granules and the low success rates as compared to the relative success of embryo cryopreservation caused little interest until the 1990s. Interest increased when many studies indicated that acceptable oocyte survival, in vitro fertilization, normal embryos and adequate blastocyst development can be achieved with oocyte cryopreservation. Recently introduced oocyte vitrification techniques are proving to be more efficient. Survival rates are close to 100% and developmental rates are similar to those achieved with fresh oocytes. This efficiency opens the way to the widespread application of the technique in various medical, legal, and social situations, even to replace embryo cryopreservation with the oocyte cryopreservation. Oocyte vitrification has dominated slow freezing to such an extent that it may soon become the exclusive cryopreservation choice, especially considering that potential disease transmission problems commonly associated with vitrification due to direct exposure of oocytes to liquid nitrogen can be eliminated by using the proper techniques and devices. Furthermore, cryopreservation of immature oocytes, ovarian follicles, ovarian tissue and whole ovary are other emerging technologies. Oocyte cryopreservation has tremendous opportunity for preserving fertility in cancer patients, for those who may not have sperm following oocyte retrieval and for those women who wish to delay their motherhood. The purpose of this article is to review the history of oocyte cryopreservation, its applications, current cryopreservation techniques and future trends for fertility cryopreservation, to determine if oocyte cryopreservation is proceeding in the right direction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".