Study on Surface Properties of Alkali-extracted Ethanol Pulp Fibers by Using AFM and XPS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The microscopic morphology,chemical composition and lignin distribution of alkaline-extracted ethanol wheat straw pulp were studied using AFM and XPS.AFM images showed that the amorphous lignin area of ethanol wheat straw pulp fiber surface decreases with alkaline extraction,the number and size of lignin particles become fewer and smaller,fibrillar structure distinctly appears on some region.It proves that the distribution of lignin on fiber surface is not homogeneous,and the response of lignin at different area of fiber surface to alkaline extraction is dissimilar too.XPS results showed that the O/C ratio of ethanol wheat straw pulp fiber surface decreases dramatically after alkaline extraction and more close to the theoretical O/C ratio of lignin compared to ethanol wheat straw pulp.Both results prove that lignin still exists on the alkaline-extracted fiber surface and dissolved lignin can precipitate back onto the fiber surface during alkaline extraction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".