Study on Surface Properties of Alkali-extracted Ethanol Pulp Fibers by Using AFM and XPS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The microscopic morphology,chemical composition and lignin distribution of alkaline-extracted ethanol wheat straw pulp were studied using AFM and XPS.AFM images showed that the amorphous lignin area of ethanol wheat straw pulp fiber surface decreases with alkaline extraction,the number and size of lignin particles become fewer and smaller,fibrillar structure distinctly appears on some region.It proves that the distribution of lignin on fiber surface is not homogeneous,and the response of lignin at different area of fiber surface to alkaline extraction is dissimilar too.XPS results showed that the O/C ratio of ethanol wheat straw pulp fiber surface decreases dramatically after alkaline extraction and more close to the theoretical O/C ratio of lignin compared to ethanol wheat straw pulp.Both results prove that lignin still exists on the alkaline-extracted fiber surface and dissolved lignin can precipitate back onto the fiber surface during alkaline extraction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".