Bibliographic record
Abstract
embryologist. He was born on July 23, 1815 in Poznań; this town and a large western part of Poland was occupied by Prussia during his lifetime. In his papers, written in Polish, he refers to Poles as his compatriots [3]. Later, when Prussian rule dictated that his further career depended on receiving baptism, he refused to reject his Jewish identity. Remak started his education at home, subsequently completed a Polish gymnasium in Poznan ́ and in 1833 enrolled at the University of Berlin. While still an under-graduate, he started research work in the microscopic laboratory under Johannes Müller (1801–1858), professor of anatomy and physiology. The fruit of his many years’ work was a doctoral dissertation entitled ‘‘Observationes Anatomicae et Microscopicae de Systematis Nervosi Struktura’ ’ [2], which he defended in 1838. In his thesis, he not only described axial fibers encased in myelin sheaths, but he was the first to describe unmyelinated (sympathetic) nerve fibers, called Remak’s fibers. He demonstrated that the grey color of these fibers results from a lack of a myelin sheath. He also discovered that fibers from motor neurons in the spinal cord course without interruption in the anterior roots and peripheral nerves. Later, Purkyne named these connections ‘‘axis cylinders’’. Remak further showed in his thesis that sympathetic ganglia are of great importance in the functioning of the nervous system [2]. After the doctorate, he continued neurological investi-gations in Müller’s lab. In 1839, he described ganglion cells in the right atrium and related them to the sympathetic system [4]. To date, this is called Remak’s ganglion [1]. In 1844, he was the first to demonstrate that the cerebral cortex consists of six layers [7]. Between 1843 and 1844 he established the presence of extremely fine fibrils within the axis cylinder, contrary to the common belief that the inside of nerves was either empty or filled with fluid [6]. In 1843, he became assistant in the clinic of Johann
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.042 | 0.024 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".