Bibliographic record
Abstract
Wheat is Canada's largest crop with most of the production in the western Canadian Prairie Provinces of Manitoba,Saskatchewan and Alberta.There were approximately ten million hm2 seeded to wheat in Canada,including seven million hm2 of hexaploid spring wheat(Triticum aestivum L.),two million hm2 of durum wheat(T.turgidum L.ssp.durum(Desf.) Husn.),and one million hm2 of winter wheat(T.aestivum).Within hexaploid wheat there has been diversification into a number of market classes based on different end-use quality criteria.The predominant spring bread wheat class has been the Canada Western Red Spring(CWRS) class.Historically,the disease of major concern in wheat was stem rust,caused by Puccinia graminis f.sp.tritici.The first significant stem rust resistant cultivar in Canada was Thatcher,grown extensively from 1939 until the early 1970s.Thatcher,however,was very susceptible to leaf rust,caused by Puccinia triticina.Over the years,improved resistance to both stem and leaf rust was achieved with the release of cultivars with additional genes for resistance,primarily Sr2,Sr6,Sr7a,Sr9b,Lr13,Lr14a,Lr16,and Lr34.The genetic resistance has adequately controlled stem rust but leaf rust continues to cause significant losses,partially due to changes in the P.triticina population which reduced the effectiveness of resistance genes such as Lr13 and Lr16.Stripe rust on wheat,caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici,was historically a problem under irrigation in southern Alberta,but since 2000 it has been found annually in the central Canadian prairies and southern Ontario.The genetic basis of resistance to stripe rust in most Canadian wheat cultivars has not been determined,although Yr18 provides partial resistance in many cultivars.In the future,other rust diseases such as wheat stripe rust,or highly virulent new pathotypes of current rust pathogens,such as P.graminis f.sp.tritici race Ug-99,may pose new threats to cereal production in Canada.Long-term research and breeding on cereal rusts in Canada is currently the best strategy to combat these problems.A strategic approach to incorporating durable forms of resistance,efficient gene deployment,and pyramiding of resistance genes should be considered to maximize the genetic resources available to control wheat rusts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".