Bibliographic record
Abstract
1 report on the eff ectiveness of a seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the setting of routine use in children younger than 5 years. The study was in progress when an unanticipated shortage of the vaccine occurred. The results give estimates of serotype-specifi c eff ectiveness, and show the robust eff ect of the seven-valent vaccine on prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease in the imperfect setting of routine use. Four randomised trials to assess the effi cacy of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease have been completed, 2-5 all of 2-5 After inclusion of the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the routine vaccination schedule of infants, surveillance in the USA and Canada showed a sharp decline in vaccine-serotype invasive pneumococcal disease in immunised and unimmunised age-groups (ie, there was herd immunity or indirect eff ects of vaccination). 6-12 Whitney and colleagues' study links clinical trial results with post-introduction surveillance data by showing high vaccine eff ectiveness in the real-world setting of routine use, where vaccine handling and dose regimens are not controlled as stringently as in clinical trials. Remarkably, eff ectiveness against vaccine-serotype invasive pneumo- coccal disease was 96% (95% CI 93-98) in healthy children who received one dose or more of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, and 81% (57-92) in children with underlying medical conditions that increase the risk of pneumococcal disease. Until now, clinical trials had established serotype-specifi c effi cacy for four serotypes (ie, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F) of the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, and for one serotype (ie, 5) in a related nine-valent vaccine candidate. 2,5 only assessed the effi cacy of a three-dose regimen in infants, with or without a booster in the second year of life. Until Whitney's study, countries with immunisation schedules that diff er from those tested in clinical trials or that have vaccine shortages had data for immunogenicity, but very little for eff ectiveness, 15 to guide their policies. For those considering alternatives to previously tested regimens, Whitney and colleagues' study addresses the eff ectiveness of numerous vaccination schedules. A key fi nding is that a dose in the second year of life gives added benefi t over all doses given in the fi rst year of life. Whether three doses in infancy give better protection against invasive disease compared with two doses in infancy (when both are followed by a dose in the second year of life) remains unknown. Furthermore, one dose of vaccine given in the fi rst 6 months of life confers short-term protection compared with no See Articles page 1495
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.020 | 0.042 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".