An study on the relationship between the change of echogenicity in substantia nigra by transcranial sonography and clinical features in patients with Parkinson's disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective To detect the echogenicity of substantia nigra(SN) by transcranial sonography(TCS) and investigate it's relationships with motor symptoms(MS) and non-motor symptoms(NMS) in patients with Parkinson's disease(PD). Methods(1)122 PD patients in Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital and 46 age and gender-matched healthy individuals were recruited from January 2012 to December 2012.(2) Echogenicity and hyperechogenicity area of SN and ratio of hyper-SN over ipsilateral midbrain(S/M) were detected by TCS; PD patients with echogenicity of gradeⅠ-Ⅱ and gradeⅢ-Ⅳ were included in PDSN- and PDSN+ groups, respectively.(3)MS was evaluated by Hoehn-Yahr Stage and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating ScaleⅢ(UPDRS Ⅲ), and NMS was assessed by Non-motor Symptoms Questionnaire(NMSQ), Mini-Mental Status Examination(MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale(MoCA), Hamilton Anxiety Scale(HAMA), Hamilton Depression Scale(HAMD), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Scale(PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale(ESS), Scale For Outcomes in PD For Autonomic Symptoms(SCOPA-AUT), Fatigue Scale-14(FS-14) and Restless Legs Syndrome Severity Rating Scale(RLSRS).(4)The relationships between echogenicity of SN and MS and NMS were analyzed. Results(1) In 122 PD patients, there(was) were 0, 31, 57, 32 and 2 case(s) for grade Ⅰ-Ⅴof SN echogenicity,respectively,and 91 cases(74.6%)and 31 cases(25.4%)were in SN- and SN+ groups, respectively; In 40 cases normal subjects(6 cases were not detected due to poor temporal window condition), there(was) were 11, 26, 3, 0 and 0 case(s) for gradeⅠ-Ⅴof SN echogenicity,respectively,and 3 cases(7.5%)and 31case(92.5%)were in SN+and SN- groups, respectively; the incidence of SN hyperechogenicity in PD group was significantly higher than that in control group(P0.05); The hyperechogenicity area of SN and S/M ratio in PD patients with different grade of echogenicity were all significantly higher than that in control group(P 0.05).(2)The incidence of PDSN(+) in male was significantly higher than that of female(P0.05). The age and age onset of PDSN+group were notably older than that of PDSN- group,(62.0±9.6) years vs.(54.3±11.1)years,(57.9 ±11.0) years vs.(51.1±10.9)years, P0.05.(3) H-Y stage in PDSN+group was prominently severe compare with PDSN- group,(2.06±0.77)stage vs.(1.68±0.63)stage, P0.05, and tremor score of UPDRSⅢ in PDSN+ group was significantly higher than that in PDSN- group(P0.05); Onset side in 72 out of 92 cases(79.1%)in PDSN + group was in the opposite side of SN hyperechogenicity or the side with larger area of SN hyperechogenicity if both sides involved, 19 cases(20.9%)was in the same side with SN hyperechogenicity or the side with larger area of SN hyperechogenicity if both sides involved.(4)MoCA score in PDSN+group was significantly declined compared with SN- group,(20.1±5.4) points vs.(22.7±5.8)points,P0.05, the incidences of PD with mild cognitive impairment in PDSN+group were remarkably higher than that in PDSN+ group,63.74% vs. 32.26%, P0.05; SCOPA-AUT score in PDSN+group was significantly higher than that in PDSN- group,(36.8±9.0) points vs.(33.5±7.7)points, P0.05; The incidences and scores of other NMS in two groups were not different(P0.05). Conclusions PD patients have high incidences of SN hyperechogenicity detected by TCS. Echogenicity, hyperechogenicity area of SN and S/M ration all reflect SN echogenicity; factors relating higher incidences of SN hyperechogenicity in PD patients include male, older age and older onset age; PD patients present the onset symptoms in the opposite side of SN hyperechogenicity, show a higher H-Y stage, severer tremor and significantly impaired cognitive and autonomic functions.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".