Effects of Freeze-drying and Spray-drying on the Physicochemical Properties and Ultrastructure of Whole-egg Powder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, the effects of two drying methods, spray-drying and freeze-drying, on the physicochemical properties and functional properties of whole-egg powder were compared. Moisture content, water activity, solubility, particle size distribution, foaming properties, and emulsifying properties of the whole-egg powder were investigated. The microscopic structures of the whole-egg powders dried by the two methods were also compared. The results showed no significant difference in the moisture content and water activity of whole-egg powders prepared by the two drying methods(p 0.05), and the solubility of freeze-dried and spray-dried whole-egg powders were 93.32% and 87.88%, respectively. The maximum emulsifying activity and foaming power of the freeze-dried whole-egg powder were 0.338 and 62.6%, respectively, and those of the spray-dried whole-egg powder were 0.248 and 53.4%, respectively. The data indicated that the functional properties of freeze-dried whole-egg powder were better than those of spray-dried whole-egg powder. In addition, there were significant differences found in particle size distribution and microstructure between the whole-egg powders prepared by the two drying methods.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".