Effects of Freeze-drying and Spray-drying on the Physicochemical Properties and Ultrastructure of Whole-egg Powder
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, the effects of two drying methods, spray-drying and freeze-drying, on the physicochemical properties and functional properties of whole-egg powder were compared. Moisture content, water activity, solubility, particle size distribution, foaming properties, and emulsifying properties of the whole-egg powder were investigated. The microscopic structures of the whole-egg powders dried by the two methods were also compared. The results showed no significant difference in the moisture content and water activity of whole-egg powders prepared by the two drying methods(p 0.05), and the solubility of freeze-dried and spray-dried whole-egg powders were 93.32% and 87.88%, respectively. The maximum emulsifying activity and foaming power of the freeze-dried whole-egg powder were 0.338 and 62.6%, respectively, and those of the spray-dried whole-egg powder were 0.248 and 53.4%, respectively. The data indicated that the functional properties of freeze-dried whole-egg powder were better than those of spray-dried whole-egg powder. In addition, there were significant differences found in particle size distribution and microstructure between the whole-egg powders prepared by the two drying methods.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it