Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the late 19th and the early 20th century,new modes of transportation,such as railways and port,led to new economic and social development in China.At the same time,many new transport-oriented cities grew up,and Qingdao was one of them.With the port and being the start of the Jiaoji railway,Qingdao underwent rapid changes during the years between 1898 and 1937.The formation of a transport system of both port and railway had greatly improved the local traffic conditions,which helped Qingdao become a hub of road traffic and the largest port along the coast of Shandong Province.Through the coordination of port and railway,labor,capital and goods flew with an unprecedented speed and scale from inlands to Qingdao and abroad,leading to the city's rapid industrial and economic development.The boom of transportation,industry and commerce attracted a large number of laborers and businessmen to Qingdao.Thus,the urban population of Qingdao increased and the downtown streets expanded greatly.With the port and the Jiaoji railway,Qingdao achieved its change from a small fishing village to a modern city,and therefore led to the changes of the traffic and economic patterns in Shandong Province and modern North China.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".