In-Situ X-Ray Studies of Unmodified Commercial Pouch Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Synchrotron techniques, including synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), have been widely used over the past twenty years to investigate the chemical and physical behavior of batteries. The uniquely high brilliance and coherence of synchrotron light has made it especially well-suited for in-situ analysis of batteries, as data can be acquired very quickly with excellent spectral and spatial resolution [1] . Generally in-situ studies of batteries employ a custom-made research cell that is designed with “windows” in the casing that are x-ray transparent. Such cells typically employ a simple coin-cell-type design where two discs of electrode material are pressed together in an air-tight assembly [2, 3] . While these types of cells are very useful and convenient for most materials research, they cannot exactly replicate the conditions present in many common commercial cells, and they are not generally suitable for long-term studies on ageing and degradation. The work presented here demonstrates several examples of how synchrotron techniques can be used to analyze unmodified commercial pouch cells. With high brilliance and tunability of incident wavelength, synchrotron light can be used to penetrate commercial cell casings and analyze active electrode material in-operando . At the Canadian Light Source, SR-XRD was used to analyze the crystal structure and phase changes in an operating commercial nickel-manganese-cobalt-oxide/graphite pouch cell. Transmission SR-XRD was also used to map structural inhomogeneities in cell components with high spatial resolution. In-operando XAS was also successfully carried out on an unmodified commercial pouch cell, which will provide a simple means of monitoring changes in structure and redox chemistry as commercial batteries undergo long-term ageing, cycling, and stress testing. [1] Yoon W-S, Grey CP, Balasubramanian M, Yang X-Q, Fischer DA, McBreen J. Electrochem Solid-State Lett. , 2014, 13, 1051-1061. [2] De Marco R, Veder JP. Trends in Analytical Chem. , 2010, 29, 6. [3] Herklotz M, Scheiba F, Hinterstein M, Nikolowski K, Knapp M, Dippel AC, Giebeler L, Eckert J, Ehrenberg H. J. Appl. Cryst. , 2013, 46, 1117-1127.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".