Seed-and soil-borne fungi of 3 turfgrass species and effects of fungicide seed treatment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A series of experiments were carried out in the laboratory, glasshouse and in the field. The seeds used in the experiments included perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and bluegrass (Poa pratensis), three cultivars of each species. The results obtained from the laboratory trials showed that the seed germination percentage of tall fescue variety Barlexas and of all 3 varieties of bluegrass on filter paper were significantly higher than that in petri plates containing field soil (P0.05). Four fungal species were isolated from seeds of the 9 turfgrass varieties tested after seeds were incubated on filter paper. These four fungi are known as common seedborne species. However, 14 fungal species were isolated from seeds and roots of seedlings of the same varieties after seeds were incubated in petri plates containing field soil. Some of the fungi isolated are pathogens of turfgrasses including Drechslera poae, Rhizoctonia solani and species of Fusarium. Seeds of nine turfgrass cultivars were individually treated with thiram, thiophanate-methyl or triadimefon. The application rates of the fungicides were thiram at 5 g a.i./kg seed for all cultivars tested; thiophanate-methyl at 5 g a.i./kg seed for perennial ryegrass, 4 g a.i./kg seed for tall fescue, and 3 g a.i./kg seed for bluegrass; and triadimefon for the turfgrass species listed above, 0.5, 0.4, and 0.3 g a.i./kg seed, respectively. The treated seeds were then sown in pots containing field soil. The effects of seed treatment on seed emergence and seedling dry weight varied with the combination of cultivar and fungicide. Thiram treatment significantly increased seed germination of Premier perennial ryegrass and Platini bluegrass by up to 80.6% and 45.2%, respectively, 13~16d after sowing. Compared to the untreated control, triadimefon seed treatment increased seedling emergence of tall fescue, the highest was Barlexas by up to 166.7%. Thiram, thiophanate-methyl and triadimefon increased shoot dry weight per pot of Taya perennial ryegrass by 47.2%, 29.5% and 34.7%, respectively, and Thiram and thiophanate-methyl increased the root dry weight per pot of the same cultivar by 67.7% and 97.1%, respectively. Thiram and triadimefon treatment increased shoot dry weight of Gator II ryegrass by 32.1% and 29.6%, respectively. Thiophanate-methyl treatment resulted in increase of Platini bluegrass root and shoot dry weight per pot of up to 230% and 100%, respectively. Similar responses to fungicide seed treatments were found for root and shoot dry weight per seedling for all turfgrass cultivars tested. The results of field experiments showed that fungicide seed treatments improved seedling emergence and biomass of turfgrasses tested to different extents. Root and shoot dry weight per pot of tested turfgrass cultivars were correlated positively with the root and shoot dry weight per plot. The correlation coefficient between weight per pot and weight per plot was 0.81 for root and 0.82 for shoot (p0.05). The relationships can be expressed by the equations Y_1=13.178+3.5911X_1, and Y_2=0.11803+3.6845X_2, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".