Postoperative intravenous analgesia with a combination of tramadol and fentanyl continuously infused in children
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective:To compare the efficacy of patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PICA) with a co-application of different dosage of tramadol and fentanyl in postoperative analgesia in children.Methods:By an observer-blinded design, 120 ASA Ⅰ~Ⅱ pediatric patients (1~12 years old) underwent general anesthesia were randomly given a postoperative intravenous infusion of 1% tramadol (Group T), 1% tramadol plus fentanyl 2 μg/ml (Group TF1) , 1% tramadol plus fentanyl 4 μg/ml (Group TF2) , or 1% tramadol plus fentanyl 6 μg/ml (Group TF3 ).Exclusion criteria included children with mental disorders, hypothyroidism pilepsy, and long-term analgesic users. All the patients received Granisentran Hydrochloride 40 μg/kg via intravenous injection at the end of surgery. PCIA was commenced and continued for 24 h. The analgesic effect was assessed by Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (FRS) and the Children's Hospital of Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS), less than 4 (no pain), more than 6 (moderate pain), more than 13 (severe pain), consumption of analgesics and the incidences of side-effects were recorded.Results:(1)There were no significant differences in the demographic data including sex, age, body weight, types of surgery and duration of operation among the four groups (P0.05); (2) No significant differences were found in BP, HR, RR (respiratory rate) and SpO2 among the four groups (P0.05); (3) The FRS did not significantly change among the four groups, and the CHEOPS at the point of 30 min were significantly decreased in both group T and group TF1; (4)With the dosages of fentanyl increased, the 24 h consumptions of tramadol were significantly reduced in Group T , Group TF1 and Group TF2 (P0.05), but the tendency was disturbed in Group TF3; (5)The incidences of vertigo, nausea and vomiting had no significant differences among the four groups, while the recovery time of Group TF3 was significantly longer than that of the other three groups.Conclusion:A co-application of small dose of fentanyl and tramadol may produce more effective and safe PCIA in children. Meanwhile, demand of tramadol was reduced.Optimal combination may be 1% tramadol adding fentanyl 4 μg/ml, administering plan was loading dose of 0.1 ml/kg, continuous infusion of 0.5~1 ml/h, PCA dose of 0.5~1 ml.By the way, the safety of Granisetron in using of children is remain to be investigated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".