Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction UWB technology, also known as impulse radio , was first used to transmit Morse codes by Marconi in 1900 through the transatlantic telegraph. Modern UWB technology has been used for radar and communications since the 1960s. Like CDMA systems, early UWB systems were designed for military covert radar and communications. The early applications of UWB technology were primarily related to radar, driven by the fine-ranging resolution that comes with large bandwidth. UWB technology for wireless communications was pioneered by Scholtz. With the intent of operating UWB in an unlicensed mode that overlaps licensed bands, the FCC issued rules under the FCC Rules and Regulations Part 15 for UWB operation in February 2002. The FCC defined a UWB transmitter as “an intentional radiator that, at any point in time, has a fractional bandwidth equal to or greater than 0.20, or has a UWB bandwidth equal to or greater than 500 MHz, regardless of the fractional bandwidth”. “The UWB bandwidth is the frequency band bounded by the points that are 10 dB below the highest radiated emission, as based on the complete transmission system including the antenna.” According to the FCC regulations, the transmitter sends pulses with a bandwidth of at least 500 MHz that is within the band 3.1 to 10.6 GHz, for output power densities below −41.25 dBm/MHz. The FCC Part 15 limit of 500 µV/m at 3 meters is equivalent to an effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of −41.25 dBm/MHz.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.082 | 0.092 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".