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Record W2397181795 · doi:10.2118/180738-ms

Steam-Air Injection Process

2016· article· en· W2397181795 on OpenAlex
Jeannine Chang, John Ivory

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueSPE Canada Heavy Oil Technical Conference · 2016
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldChemistry
TopicPetroleum Processing and Analysis
Canadian institutionsAlberta Innovates
Fundersnot available
KeywordsSecondary air injectionSteam injectionResidual oilPetroleum engineeringCokeWaste managementAsphalteneAirflowEnvironmental scienceChemical engineeringEngineeringMechanical engineering

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Abstract This paper summarizes the results of reservoir simulations performed to investigate steam-air injection and its potential as a thermal recovery process. The steam-air injection process is considered to be any process that involves both steam and air injection whether they are injected together or at different times. The objective of the simulations was to develop steam-air injection based on its ability to divert steam from more to less oil depleted regions thereby improving reservoir contact (conformance) and increasing oil production. This diversion is caused by the deposition of coke and/or asphaltene in depleted regions or high permeability channels or thief zones. It primarily results from low temperature oxidation (LTO) of the oil. Air injection is most effective when used to divert injected steam when significant channeling/over-riding is occurring prior to air injection. Air should be injected at a relatively low rate and temperature in order that coke/asphaltene deposition occurs and facilitates steam diversion. Simulations showed that in a field application of the steam-air injection process, it is important to stop injecting air with/without steam once diversion has been obtained. Otherwise, oil will unnecessarily be consumed or degraded by LTO reactions and steam diversion may be reduced due to consumption of deposited coke/asphaltenes by high temperature oxidation (HTO) reactions. Continued injection of air could even increase channeling as it removes the coke and any residual oil by oxidation reactions thereby reducing the flow resistance in channels/thief zones. Air injection in a steam process is complex and it is not simply a case of injecting air with steam without careful consideration of the process.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.649
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.014
GPT teacher head0.243
Teacher spread0.230 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it