EPA releases list of potential endocrine disrupters | Consensus reached on prenatal exposures | Rewarding fertilizer pollution with crop subsidies | Order matters in pesticide exposures | News Briefs: Nano needs oversight ` Congress and carbon sequestration ` Low-cost greenhouse-gas controls ` Sowing carbon credits ` Cities for sustainability | Unleashing a dioxin legacy | Florida gators battle pesticides | Lead levels high in Canadian tap water
Bibliographic record
Abstract
U.S. taxpayers are, in effect, subsidizing the Gulf of Mexico's dead zone, an area of coastal waters where dissolvedoxygen concentrations fall to less than 2 parts per million every summer, according to a new paper published in ES&T (pp 5410-5418).These findings don't bode well for the Gulf, as more and more acres of land are planted with corn to meet the growing U.S. demand for alternative fuels.Scientists studying nutrient inputs that feed the Gulf's hypoxic zone have known that certain intensively farmed areas in the upper Midwest leak more nitrogen derived from fertilizers than others.Now, there's a new twist.Farmers in areas with the highest rates of fertilizer runoff tend to receive the biggest payouts in federal crop subsidies, says Mary Booth, lead author of the paper and a former senior scientist with the Environmental Working Group.What's more, they have fewer acres enrolled in conservation programs compared with other parts of the Mississippi River basin (MRB).Modeling the major sources of nitrate in the MRB, Booth and her colleagues found that fertilizer runoff is responsible for 59% of springtime nitrate loading to the Gulf, atmospheric deposition for 17%, animal waste for 13%, and municipal wastewater for 11%.These findings are consistent with earlier analyses but go a step further by homing in on the seasonal aspects of nitrogen flux rather than annual loading, says Richard Alexander, with the U.S. Geological Survey."Spring flux is what matters most in predicting the formation of the [Gulf's] hypoxia zone," he adds.Booth's team added data from NaNcy R abal ais, louisiaNa uNiveRsities MaRiNe coNsoRtiuM 5168 n EnvironmEntal SciEncE & tEchnology / auguSt 1, 2007
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.572 | 0.265 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".