Galactose-based Thermosensitive Nanogels for Targeted Drug Delivery of Iodoazomycin Arabinofuranoside (IAZA) for Theranostic Management of Hypoxic Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, galactose-based nanogels were prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer process to facilitate the targeted delivery of iodoazomycin arabinofuranoside (IAZA), a clinical drug for imaging solid hypoxic tumors, and evaluate its role in hypoxia-selective (radio)theranostic (therapy + diagnostic) management of therapy-resistant cancer cells. The nanogels have a cross-linked temperature-responsive core and a dense carbohydrate shell. Their thermoresponsive nature allowed the controlled encapsulation of IAZA drug for targeted delivery and release in hypoxic hepatocellular carcinoma via asialoglycoprotein receptor-mediated uptake. The synthesized nanogel-IAZA delivery systems demonstrated a stable, nonburst release of IAZA over 10 h with up to 0.6 mM loading capacity of IAZA within the nanogel. The cytotoxicity evaluations of the nanogels demonstrated that they are relatively nontoxic in multiple cell lines. The radiosensitization studies indicated that IAZA in encapsulated form offers a superior radiosensitization of hypoxic cells (sensitizer enhancement ratio for IAZA alone, 1.33; 1.62 for nanogel encapsulated IAZA). These studies suggest that galactose-based nanogels may serve as a versatile drug delivery system for IAZA (and other azomycin-based agents) and enable its hypoxia-selective multimodal theranostic applications to manage hypoxic solid (hepatocellular) tumors by facilitating position/single photon emission tomography-based imaging, external beam radiation therapy, and in situ molecular radiotherapy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".