Assessment of Phagosome Formation and Maturation by Fluorescence Microscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Phagocytosis of invading microorganisms by neutrophils is an important early response to infection. Here, we describe protocols designed for the quantitative study of particle internalization and of the subsequent maturation of the newly formed phagosomes using sheep red blood cells as a model target particle and neutrophils as phagocytes. Techniques to label the particles with fluorescent pH-sensitive dyes are presented, along with complement and immunoglobulin opsonization procedures. These labeling techniques, in combination with high-resolution digital imaging, allow for the quantitative assessment of phagocytosis at the single-cell level by bright field and fluorescence microscopy. Lastly, qualitative and quantitative methods of investigating the intraphagosomal pH are presented. We describe the use of a fluorescent weak base that accumulates in acidic cellular compartments and functions as a marker of phagosome acidification, as well as more quantitative phagosomal pH measurements by fluorescence ratio imaging. A brief description of the hardware and software components necessary for digital imaging is also provided.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".