Chronic effects of arterial balloon dilatation on internal mammary artery endothelial function.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Manipulation for harvesting of the internal mammary artery (IMA) for coronary artery bypass grafting has been shown to acutely impair endothelium-dependent, but not endothelium-independent contractions and relaxations. Recently the use of a novel arterial balloon catheter to dilate the IMA has shown an increased IMA flow while preserving endothelial cell integrity and function acutely. This study examines the chronic effects on endothelial function of IMA segments subjected to arterial balloon catheter dilatation in comparison to either no manipulation (control), luminal dilatation with papaverine, or temporary occlusion with soft or hard jaw in a porcine model. METHODS: Porcine IMAs were harvested one month after instrumentation. Ten IMA segments in each group were obtained and placed in organ chambers under isometric tension. Maximal endothelium-dependent contractions with arachidonic acid and relaxations with acetylcholine, and endothelium-independent contractions with norepinephrine and relaxations with sodium nitroprusside were measured. RESULTS: Endothelium-dependent contractions and relaxations were significantly impaired after hard jaw occlusion one month after IMA manipulation compared to control, long balloon, fibrous jaw, and papaverine groups. Endothelium-independent contractions and relaxations of IMA smooth muscle were unaffected at one month after manipulation. CONCLUSION: We conclude that arterial long balloon dilatation is not detrimental to endothelial cell function chronically and is therefore an effective and atraumatic method to relieve IMA spasm before coronary bypass grafting.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".